Warrants in the Toulmin Model of Argument

In the Toulmin model of argument, a warrant is a general rule indicating the relevance of a claim. A warrant may be explicit or implicit, but in either case, says David Hitchcock, a warrant is not the same as a premise. Toulmins grounds are premises in the traditional sense, propositions from which the claim is presented as following, but no other component of Toulmins scheme is a premise. Hitchcock goes on to describe a warrant as an inference-licensing rule: The claim is not presented as following from the warrant; rather it is presented as following from the grounds in accordance with the warrant Examples and Observations [T]he Toulmin warrant usually consists of a specific span of text which relates directly to the argument being made. To use a well-worn example, the datum Harry was born in Bermuda supports the claim Harry is a British subject via the warrant Persons born in Bermuda are British subjects. The connection between the data and the conclusion is created by something called a warrant. One of the important points made by Toulmin is that the warrant is a kind of inference rule and in particular not a statement of facts. In enthymemes, warrants are often unstated but recoverable. In alcoholic beverages should be outlawed in the U.S. because they cause death and disease each year, the first clause is the conclusion, and the second the data. The unstated  warrant is  fairly phrased as In the U.S. we agree that products causing death and disease should be made illegal. Sometimes leaving the warrant unstated makes a weak argument seem stronger; recovering the warrant to examine its other implications is helpful in argument criticism. The warrant above would also justify outlawing tobacco, firearms, and automobiles. Sources: Philippe Besnard et al.,  Computational Models of Argument. IOS Press, 2008Jaap C. Hage,  Reasoning With Rules: An Essay on Legal Reasoning. Springer, 1997Richard Fulkerson, Warrant.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Teresa Enos. Routledge, 1996/2010

Informative Essay About Transgender - 1499 Words

TRANSGENDER Dakota Butterfield CNA CTEC Brimhall October 31, 2017 Dakota Butterfield Scott Brimhall CNA Transgender â€Å"Transgender: of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity differs from the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth; especially :of, relating to, or being a person whose gender identity is opposite the sex the person had or was identified as having at birth† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). In the world today, there are many people coming out as transgender, and many accepting it. Due to the fact that this is becoming a common thing, gender reassignment surgery is as well. Many may wonder what a gender reassignment surgery is, and if there are symptoms from it. People may also†¦show more content†¦This usually means that the person transitioning will live with a new name, new pronouns, and may also begin to wear clothing associated to their preferred gender. This process can be used to begin a person’s life as their preferred gender. Along with RLE it is recommended to begin hormone therapy. Hormone therapy, also known as â€Å"Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)† (Edmonds, Trimarchi), is â€Å"used to balance a person s gender identity with their body s endocrine system† and may cause the person to feel and look more like their preferred gender. This can be very beneficial during the process of transitioning. For those who are male-to-female, they may begin taking estrogen and progesterone, and for female-to-male, they can begin testosterone. Estrogen and progesterone â€Å"is designed to lead to breast growth, softer skin, less body hair and fewer erections† (Edmonds, Trimarchi). While testosterone â€Å"will deepen the voice and may cause some hair loss or baldness. Testosterone will also cause the clitoris to enlarge and the person s sex drive to increase. Breasts may slightly shrink, while upper body strength will increase† (Edmonds, Trimarchi). At times, this can be enough, but many will continue the process. 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Human Resource Management In Super Liquor â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Human Resource Management In Super Liquor? Answer: Introducation In order to fit the purpose of this paper, Super liquor has been selected as the organisation in New Zealand, which is a brand specialising in outdoor recreational equipment. In addition, it is famous for selling liquor products. The organisation is involved in selling fresh liquor and liquor as well and it has two e-commerce stores, 27 New Zealand liquor stores. Champion Ventures own 90% of the organisational shares and the global distribution is made through third party firms in UK, Chile, Japan and Europe. Based on its nature of business operations in terms of its liquor products, Super liquor has the following business objectives: To provide the customers with an opportunity of discovering, enjoying and sharing the changing world of beverage alcohol To operate as customer-based, profitable retailer of liquor products focussed on offering exemplary service, innovation, beneficial goods knowledge and social responsibility They are focussed on maintaining quality of work by striving for brilliance to serve its customers and staffs Skills and Capabilities of staffs The following are the major skills and capabilities that Super liquor needs from its staffs working in the liquor department: Customer service It is crucial to provide effective customer services in a retail store like Super liquor, since it ensures that the customers have pleasant experience each time after their visits. Hence, this particular skill would be the initial priority of the organisation (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). People leadership A retail manager needs to supervise a team that might take into account inexperienced staffs earning minimum wages for a tough task. Thus, the liquor store manager of Super liquor needs to maintain a track record of leadership abilities and the person is required to provide instances about the ways of motivating the team members. In this case, the manager needs to identify the areas of strength and opportunities of its team members by engaging in face-to-face interaction with the management and action plans for the store teams (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). In addition, the personnel would be responsible for training and developing its staffs when needed along with managing sensitive situations with utmost diligence and due care. Sales leadership The experience of the sales manager in a liquor store is not adequate. This is because the personnel need to motivate the staffs to sell along with motivating to work. Thus, a background in sales leadership is crucial for the managers of liquor store like Super liquor and the manager needs to train its sales associates for improving the overall sales figure (Brewster, Mayrhofer Morley, 2016). Skill Deficiencies Presently, Super liquor has around 600 employees working in all of its retail stores both in Australia and in New Zealand. The number of existing staffs in its liquor store is 35 in New Zealand and the following deficiencies have been identified: Relatively repetitive and predictable behaviours It has been found that the organisation has limited number of well-defined tasks for each individual. This is because of the lack of effective communication between the top-level management and the staffs. As a result, there remains no place for ambiguity or opportunities in relation to decision-making (Purce, 2014). Lack of efficiency in customer service As there is absence of formal training in the organisation, the staffs often fail to adapt to the changing needs of the customers. Hence, the level of customer satisfaction has failed to reach the highest standard. Lack of involvement in decision-making Due to the poor remuneration structure of the staffs and lack of experience and innovation capabilities, there is less involvement of employees in the decision-making process of the organisation (Jackson, Schuler Jiang, 2014). Human Resource Requirements of the Business Operation Plan to address skill deficiencies and recommendations on staff promotion and training The following are the recommendations that would help in addressing skill deficiencies along with improving the staff promotion and training: Sharing a single task amongst different employees: Super liquor could think of delegating a particular task among two or more employees in an organisation. This would help in eliminating redundancy of work along with promoting team effort. As different employees are involved in handling a single task, they could share their experience and skills with each other, which would help in improving the overall productivity of the organisation. Employer Obligations and Responsibilities Legislation governing staff employment Certain legislations that govern staff employment in Super liquor liquor store are explained below: The Equality Act- It expects to give a more straightforward, more reliable and more compelling legitimate structure for prevention of employee departure. The focus of the act is to alter and maintain segregation law along with fortifying the law to maintain balance (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). EHRC united crafted by the Equal Opportunities Commission, the Commission for Racial Equality and the Disability Rights Commission- It upholds uniformity sex enactments, race, lack of ability and wellbeing, age, belief, sexual equality and transgender position and energize in alignment with Human Rights Act 1998. It battles for equity and social change has increased lawful powers and might develop lawful move in the interest of people within Super liquor Company. Employment agreements and methods of negotiating employment Employment negotiation takes place in Super liquor Liquor store in the following manner: Manager trust the firm is paying special mind to them. Amid transactions, Super liquor wants a trusting relationship needs to discover approaches to fortify this conviction. Positively, when the liquor store is motivating an official to leave another position, it shows concern for the official as a man and in addition a benefit focus. Manager of Super liquor need its liquor store to consider their proposition important. In the event that the organization's definitive objective is a steadfast, devoted official who will put the organization's advantages to begin with, it should be delicate to the official's needs and respond keenly to his/her proposition. Any arrangement that leaves the official angry or questioning the organization's genuineness and validity is a disappointment; the future relationship won't last. Obligations for provisions of information Employment relations act Super liquor Liquor store makes sure that Information is offered to new employees (sections 62-65) Based on such act, it offers additional risks focussed on protecting new employees in individual negotiations with the likely employers. Policies and procedures for settling grievances Policies and procedures for settling grievances in Super liquor Liquor store is explained under: Policies A worker is managed the chance to record a grievance on issues related with the representative's business association or to go into a question determination procedure to encourage settling errors and keep up positive work connections. An affirmation that a worker's rights under this strategy have been disregarded additionally will be liable to survey under the grievance technique. (This technique is not accessible for settling question or concerns with respect to the University's Benefit Plans. A different strategy, regulated by the Benefits Office, exists for those issues.) Procedures a) Pre-Grievance Counselling b) Casual Resolution- Employees and supervisory faculty are counselled with the suitable workplaces and consider the alternative of intervention or other question determination instruments before continuing with the formal grievance process. Staff Training Policies and Processes Induction program is used as staff training process in Super liquor- The procedure acceptance begins from enlistment and stages of choice when contact is made initially with new representatives. It is consequently vital that things employees indicate before their initial day are also conducted and arranged as the same once applicant maintains post. The idea of such job, its aspect and major obligations can be shrouded part of working responsibilities and clarified within choice meeting. Employees in Super liquor may likewise consider sharing a few or the majority of the information recorded to give a genuine knowledge within structure and culture of company, practices and norms expected along with feasible arrangements/aims: Organisation, division along with additionally structure diagram Organisation and additionally group vision, point, objectives, destinations, and so forth. Organisation along with additionally group competency structure along with analysis framework Terms and conditions of employment, e.g. working hours, occasions, income strategy, compensation and benefits All the new employees ought to get a formal work contract that has an association to online New Starters Details Form, that includes relevant and the vital data required. In addition such data might encourage new employees to consider this data you ought to likewise encourage new employees to take a look at the 'new representatives' website page for new data. Super liquor Liquor store might feel it vital to send joining guidelines giving that accompanies data through telephone or email: Deciding the time to report The person will meet them A guide, along with auto and transport stopping guidelines The things to consider, e.g. devices, uncommon apparel, lunch, and so on. The matter of individual acceptance projects will fluctuate as per the needs of an individual. New representatives might come into one gathering, for instance: School-leavers/ability searchers Graduates Jobless individuals People with handicaps experienced employees changing employments from the company shift labourers Internal workers All the groups have high requirements and consequently acceptance projects might get outlined in view of this. Additionally consider certain employees with high necessities, i.e. with handicaps, or young employees who that might be constrained, assuming any, involvement of working life. Enlistment programs in particular employments or certain aspects that might consider factors, for example, wellbeing and security tenets and directions. New representatives will have a lot of data to retain while considering their new part. Attempt to separate the enlistment program within subjects or zones of duty empowering certain individuals to develop certain insight steadily, dealing with disarray or over-burden. In first place day New starters in Super liquor liquor store will without a doubt be anxious and even worried on their first day. It is vital that they are made to feel welcome and offered time to absorb to their new condition and associates. They ought to be: met and acquainted with their group associates given a voyage through the building(s) or working environment, bringing up toilets and eatery offices, and so on. talked through their enlistment program and timetable (see connect above or on site) satisfied that all important printed material has been finished and gotten Considering new worker, clarify and examine key parts of employment, objectives and destinations of a group and the ways in which this add to the goals of the association. This is probably going to include them being acquainted with individuals from different groups and additionally offices along with visits to certain workplaces and additionally areas. At the end of primary week, directors might decide the ways in which new workers of Super liquor liquor store are settling in and: Consider the acceptance program along with analysing comprehension of data provided Considering ways to clear up or return to regions where understanding is confounded or insufficient explain the things that are normal in resulting weeks Consider input from the representative the type of feeling and in the event that they believe they have appropriate measure of help At the end of a particular month, Super liquor liquor store should mean to maintain drafted some individual goals to offer them clear heading along with high interest. Super liquor liquor store may begin arranging considering for self-improvement design. The arrangement might involve territories in which they might have indicated restricted learning and additionally aptitude considering the enlistment up until this point. Super liquor liquor store ought to gather input from a specific population that was engaged with the acceptance procedure and utilize it to survey new worker's advance. On the off chance that employees have any worries with respect to their capacity, employees should deal with the same considering soonest opportunity. Regularly, new starters essentially require more noteworthy clearness or helping to remember major prerequisites. It is essential for Super liquor liquor store to always evaluate procedures and systems to analyse whether they are viable. Considering whether the enlistment program met its destinations and if any changes are needed. Super liquor liquor store might highly request input from new representative on upgrades that might consider enhancing the acceptance procedure and if there is any support they require at this point of time. Super liquor liquor store follows an appropriate training and development procedure for evaluating their performance. The consequences of the discoveries agree that quality worker preparing and advancement programs are critical for enhanced representative execution in associations. It is trusted this, thusly, prompts the enhanced arrangement of administrations to customers. Super liquor makes sure that enhanced, proficient and compelling administration deliverance, by metropolitan representatives, can be accomplished on the off chance that they are prepared and created in projects of an elevated requirement and which are controlled by facilitators who create work of an exclusive requirement. In addition, these changes are maintained when representative execution is always overseen and assessed.procedures in compliance with legal EEO requirements Enlistment Procedures All together for the University to satisfy its EEO commitments, characterized and delegated staff positions must be posted for at least five days and a most extreme of one year. At whatever point an office has an open door, the division is urged to promote as generally as practicable. Nonetheless, if the open door happens in Super liquor liquor store aggregate which is underutilized and for which an objective has been built up, the division must archive the particular Good Faith Efforts it took to meet the objectives. When all is said in done, such Good Faith Efforts are relied upon to incorporate enlistment systems intended to achieve ladies or potentially minorities for which there has been an objective built up. In particular, where Underutilization exists, it is normal that agreed enlistment sources will be educated, alongside all others. There are sure restricted conditions which can be sensibly foreseen where enlistment is impractical or practicable. These conditions are completely depicted in the Super liquor liquor store Policy for Non-competitive Selection. Super liquor liquor store must make a choice as per that arrangement should completely record the purpose behind the choice as per the prerequisites of that strategy. There might be different circumstances, occasional and not sensibly expected, where the Super liquor liquor stores non-discrimination arrangement and the goal of drawing in and holding a profoundly qualified workforce can be met by implies other than enrolment and publicizing an open door. In such conditions, if the open door exists in an occupation aggregate for which an objective for either ladies or minorities has been set up, the employing expert might report the particular reasons why it has not embraced confirmed enlistment. The way that the individual chose for the open door is a lady or a minority is in itself inadequate motivation to legitimize a choice not to participate in enrolment. Since it is normal that the dominant part of chances will be filled by enlistment, positions must be posted for at least five days and a greatest of one year. Procuring specialists are exhorted that base posting necessities might be inadequate to pull in the most qualified people. To fill a position that has Affirmative Action Plan objectives because of underutilized of either ladies or minorities, Super liquor liquor store counsel with their Human Resources Advisor or Consultant to recognize publicizing methodologies to draw in a more extensive pool. Recruitment process in Super liquor liquor store Under EEO law identified with the enrolment procedure, managers cannot discriminate in light of age (forty years or more established), handicap, hereditary data, national starting point, sex, pregnancy, race, and religion. In work declaration, associations for the most part have an EEO articulation. Here are a few cases: Super liquor liquor store is completely dedicated to Equal Employment Opportunity and to pulling in, holding, creating, and advancing the most qualified representatives without respect to their race, sex, shading, religion, sexual introduction, national starting point, age, physical or mental inability, citizenship status, veteran status, or whatever other trademark restricted by state or neighbourhood law. The company is devoted to giving a workplace free from separation and badgering, and where representatives are approached with deference and poise. Super liquor liquor store does not unlawfully discriminate on the premise of race, shading, religion, national starting point, age, tallness, weight, conjugal status, familial status, cripple/handicap, sexual introduction, or veteran status in business or the arrangement of administrations. This gives, upon and ask for sensible settlement including assistant guides and administrations important to manage the cost of people with inabilities an equivalent chance to take part in all projects and exercises. It is the strategy of Super liquor liquor store in full agreement with the law; however, not to segregate in business, understudy confirmations. This understudy benefits on the premise of race, shading, religion, age, political connection or conviction, sex, national inception, lineage, inability, place of birth, general training improvement accreditation (GED), conjugal status, sexual introduction, sex character or articulation, veteran status, or whatever other legitimately secured grouping. Super liquor liquor store perceives its duty to advance the standards of equivalent open door for work, understudy affirmations, and understudy administrations finding a way to enrol minorities and ladies. Super liquor liquor store would not oppress or disturb any representative or candidate for work on the premise of race, shading and statement of faith, religion, national inception, sex, sexual introduction, inability, age, conjugal status, or status with respect to open help. Super liquor liquor store will make agreed move to guarantee that all practices are free of such segregation. Such work rehearses incorporate, however are not constrained to, the accompanying: contracting, updating, downgrade, exchange, enlistment or enrolment publicizing, determination, cutback, disciplinary activity, end, rates of pay or different types of remuneration, and choice for preparing. Staff release, dismissal and termination process Rejection and Withdrawal of Claims in Super liquor liquor store- The assertion ought to determine that the basic claim or accuse will be rejected of bias by a date certain. Employee consents to guide her lawyer to make all strides important to enter an Order of Dismissal with preference and with no honour of expenses or lawyers' charges to either agree concerning Employee's cases right now pending against Employer in the Federal District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The stipulation to say order must be in the ownership of Employer's guidance before any sums being paid by Employer. Professional Advice Organizational procedures that must be adhered in human resources, labour relations and arbitration situations in Super liquor liquor store are explained: Under the National Labour Relations Act, workers have the privilege to aggregate movement, which incorporates amassing their voices for union portrayal. At the point when Super liquor liquor store needs to speak to the representatives of a non-union work environment, they accumulate marks from representatives who need worker's party portrayal. At the point when the union has no less than 30 percent of workers' marks, a worker's guild records a request of with the National Labour Relations Board (Beardwell Thompson, 2014). Once a request of is documented, HR gets notice of the appeal to and is formally on see that about 33% of the representatives need to getting to be noticeably unionized. HR cannot settle worker question just by conversing with representatives as it can with workers who are not spoken to by a worker's guild. At the point when workers are spoken to by a worker's party, a union agent must be available amid dialogs that HR has with the organization's representatives. Union contracts contain grievance procedures to which HR staff should entirely follow (Brewster, Mayrhofer Morley, 2016). Numerous grievance procedures comprise of three stages previously the representative or union has the choice to request mediation. In a three-stage grievance process, HR gets a worker dissension, researches the issues and renders a choice. The HR administrator, executive or Super liquor Companys leader commonly is in charge of dealing with the worker's party to achieve a union contract. In the aggregate haggling process, HR arranges representative wages, benefits, work hours and a grievance procedure for settling work environment question. Both HR and the worker's organization have a commitment to deal in compliance with common decency. Once the gatherings have a union contract, HR and the organization delegates need to sit tight for the union individuals to endorse the agreement. There are a few sorts of lawful commitments identified with business law and are followed in Super liquor liquor store explained below: Statutes Federal, State and Territory Governments have laws that recommend the base states of work that apply to paid staff. Rewards These are lawfully enforceable terms and states of work in an industry or business division. The Social and Community Services Workers (State) Reward is the principle grant that applies to staff in non-government group administrations work. Some people group associations likewise utilize staff whose occupation parts are secured as a component of other industry division grants, (for example, transport drivers, cooks and cleaners). Contracts A work contract will exist between the business and the representative in a wide range of business connections. The agreement must be well drafted furthermore, meet least lawful and honour necessities, plainly portray the specifics of the occupation and the companys prerequisites of the representative. Reference List Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Beardwell, J., Thompson, A. (2014).Human resource management: a contemporary approach. Pearson Education. Brewster, C., Mayrhofer, W., Morley, M. (Eds.). (2016).New challenges for European resource management. Springer. Jackson, S. E., Schuler, R. S., Jiang, K. (2014). An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 1-56. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Reiche, B. S., Mendenhall, M. E., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2016).Readings and cases in international human resource management. Taylor Francis. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016).Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Storey, J. (2014).New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.

Corporate Strategy free essay sample

Diversification is even more prominent in other parts of the world †¢ Grupos, chaebol, business houses, keiretsu, and so on – Poor corporate strategy is common â€Å"Excite, one of the leading Internet services companies, yesterday [received a] takeover offer from Zapata, a Texas-based group with holdings in marine protein and food packaging companies. Citing the â€Å"excellent fit with Zapata’s new strategic direction,† Avram Glazer, Zapata’s chief executive officer, said the proposed transaction â€Å"makes sense for Excite’s shareholders because of the capital resources that Zapata can bring to Excite. † Financial Times, May 22, 1998 2 What diversified corporation did this become? 3 Decomposition of Variance in Profitability: Evidence from the United States Year 2% Industry 18% Corporate parent 4% Transient 46% †¢ In the U. S. corporate strategy is typically the icing on the cake, not the cake itself – Business units must be competitive on their own merits – †¦in attractive industries †¢ But the icing can make the decisive difference between a good cake and a bad one Business segment 30% Note: Ignores covariance terms; based on 58,132 observations of 12,296 business segments in 628 industries in the United States Source: Anita M. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page McGahan and Michael E. Porter, â€Å"How Much Does Industry Matter Really? † Strategic Management Journal, 1997 4 Decomposition of Variance in Profitability: Evidence from 14 Emerging Economies †¢ In much of the rest of the world, corporate strategy is more prominent †¢ Membership in a diversified entity has a larger effect on profitability †¢ The effect on profitability is more likely to be positive Source: Tarun Khanna and Jan W. Rivkin, â€Å"Estimating the Performance Effects of Business Groups in Emerging Markets,† Strategic Management Journal, 2000 Countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, Israel, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Turkey Litmus Test of Corporate Strategy †¢ Is the combination of all businesses of the firm worth more than the sum of how much each business is worth individually? – The answer could be less, e. g. J. C. Penney telemarketing division was worth 3X the market value of the entire firm †¢ When deciding whether or not to acquire another business, you need to decide BOTH – whether you have a competitive advantage running that business – AND how it will contribute to the fit among the other 6 businesses you are running Acrobat Document 7 The Walt Disney Company: Stock Price vs. SP 500, 1984-1994 8 The Walt Disney Company: Stock Price vs. SP 500, 1995-2005 9 Two big problems 1. Growth at all costs: †¢ This is an example of what happens when a solid corporate strategy meets an aggressive growth goal 2. Mismatch between strategy and organizational structure: †¢ You can have a corporation with businesses that are closely connected like the classic Disney businesses and then run the businesses together in a tightly integrated way. That can work. †¢ You can have a corporation with the broader scope of later Disney and run them in a loosely coupled way. That can work. †¢ But if you have a corporation with the broader scope of later Disney and run them like the classic Disney, with heavy-handed management from the top, searching for synergy that doesn’t really exist†¦then you get into trouble. – In 2005, ABC President Robert Iger replaces Eisner 10 The Walt Disney Company: Stock Price vs. SP 500, 2005-2012 11 The Walt Disney Company: Take-aways Core lessons of corporate-level strategy †¢ Competition occurs at the level of the business unit †¢ Corporate strategy is a success or failure to the extent that it enhances business unit competitive advantage – Is the relative gap between WTP and cost larger than it would be otherwise? †¢ Two tests: – Better-off: Does the presence of the corporation in a given market improve the total competitive advantage of business units over and above what they could achieve on their own? (What’s the added value of the corporation? – Ownership: Does ownership of the business unit produce a greater competitive advantage than an alternative arrangement would produce? †¢ A corporation is more likely to pass the tests when it has some shared resource that (a) creates competitive advantage for the business units and (b) is difficult to trade efficiently via the market – E. g. , access to animated characters – Making business units â€Å"better off† sounds easy, but it typically requires sophisticated structures, systems, and processes, plus cultural supports 12 Corporate strategy entails trade-offs Either focus on†¦ or focus on†¦ Guidance on the Projects Overall Grading †¢ The project must cover all three components of the class – Human and Social Capital – Strategy – Multinational Management Components of Grade (NOT equally weighted) †¢ Use of frameworks (most important issue) †¢ Quality of research †¢ Innovativeness/Insight of analysis †¢ Integration of different components of class †¢ Quality of communication 14 †¢ ? of grade will be based on presentation; ? on final project write up †¢ We will also use a peer assessment to adjust the grade for effort put in by each team member

Affect vs. Effect

Affect vs. Effect Affect vs. Effect Affect vs. Effect By Mark Nichol Among the pairs of words writers often confuse, affect and effect might be the most perplexing, perhaps because their meanings are so similar. Affect, derived from affectus, from the Latin word afficere, â€Å"to do something to, act on,† is easily conflated with effect, borrowed from Anglo-French, ultimately stemming from the Latin word effectus, from efficere, â€Å"to bring about.† Whats the difference between affect and effect? Affect is usually a verb, meaning to influence or act upon. Example: The loss of his father affected him profoundly. Effect is usually a noun, meaning the result of an action. Example: What will be the effect of closing Main Street? Below you will find less common meanings and related or derivative words. Affect The various senses of affect, each followed by a sentence demonstrating them, follow: A noun meaning â€Å"mental state†: â€Å"In his report, the psychiatrist, noting his lack of expression or other signs of emotion, described his affect as flat.† A verb meaning â€Å"to produce an effect, to influence†: â€Å"I knew that my opinion would affect her choice, so I deliberately withheld it.† A verb meaning â€Å"to pretend† or â€Å"to put on†: â€Å"She tried to affect an air of nonchalance, though she was visibly agitated.† Words with affect as the root, followed by their use in a sentence, include the following: Affectation: A noun meaning â€Å"self-conscious behavior†: â€Å"The girl’s affectation of sophisticated maturity was undercut by the relentless snapping of her chewing gum.† Affection: A noun meaning â€Å"kind or loving emotion†: â€Å"Her grandfather’s deep affection for her was obvious in his heartwarming smile.† Disaffected: An adjective meaning â€Å"discontented, rebellious†: â€Å"Disaffected youth dismayed by the poor job market and the larger issue of a society that does not seem to value them have been joining the protest movement in ever greater numbers.† (This word is a case of an antonym that has outlived the original term from which it was derived in counterpoint; writers and speakers no longer express, in the sense of â€Å"favorably disposed,† that a person is affected.) Unaffected: An adjective with two distinct senses: the literal meaning of â€Å"not influenced or altered† (â€Å"They seemed disturbingly unaffected by the tragic news†) and the surprisingly older, figurative meaning â€Å"genuine† (â€Å"The youth’s candid, unaffected demeanor appealed to her after the stilted arrogance of her many suitors†). Effect The various senses of effect, each followed by a sentence demonstrating them, follow: A noun meaning â€Å"the result of a cause†: â€Å"The effect of the lopsided vote was a loss of confidence in the chairman.† A noun meaning â€Å"an impression†: â€Å"The soft, gentle tone has a calming effect.† A noun, usually in plural form, meaning â€Å"personal property, possession†: â€Å"Among the effects found in the deceased man’s pockets was a small book with his name self-inscribed.† A verb meaning â€Å"to accomplish†: â€Å"His newfound sense of responsibility effected a positive change in her attitude toward him.† Words with effect as the root, followed by their use in a sentence, include the following: Aftereffect: A noun, usually in plural form, meaning â€Å"something that follows a cause†: â€Å"The aftereffects of the decision are still being felt years later.† Effective: An adjective meaning â€Å"successful†: â€Å"The insect repellent was effective at keeping the mosquitoes at bay, which made for a pleasant outing.† Effectual: An adjective meaning â€Å"able to produce a desired effect†: â€Å"Our conclusion is that mediation is an effectual strategy for obtaining a mutually satisfying outcome.† The noun efficiency and the adjective efficient, though not based on the root effect, share its etymological origin and mean, respectively, â€Å"productivity† and â€Å"productive† in the sense of accomplishing something with a minimum of effort in relation to outcome. Efficacy (â€Å"the power to produce a desired effect†) and efficacious (â€Å"able to produce a desired effect†) are also related. Another, unexpected word of related origin is feckless (â€Å"weak, worthless†), which is rare and has lost its antonym, feckful, through long disuse. Feck is a shortened form of effect developed in Scottish English. Quotations from newspapers Tariff winners and losers: How Trumps trade spat could affect shoppers. President Trumps imposition of tariffs on imported (www.usatoday.com) 405,000 years, gravitational tugs from the planets Jupiter and Venus gradually affect Earths climate and life forms, according to a new study. (www.usatoday.com) he says. â€Å"You can eat as much as you like, you can slob about, you can drink as much alcohol as you like – the effect is very modest compared with these other two factors.† Human beings are biologically engineered for (www.theguardian.com) European Union tariffs take effect in Trump fight: How they will hit American productsThe Europe (www.usatoday.com) Video Recap A Quick and Easy Way to Know Whether to Use Affect or Effect Remember, a general rule of thumb is that â€Å"affect† is usually a verb (a â€Å"doing word†) and â€Å"effect† is usually a noun (something you can put â€Å"the† in front of). This doesn’t apply all the time, of course – as we’ve seen above, there are lots of ways in which the words â€Å"effect† and â€Å"affect† can be used. It’s a good place to begin, though, if you’re unsure which you want. Here’s a sample sentence: I don’t think this will [affect/effect] the budget. Which word, affect or effect, is correct? An easy way to figure this out is to replace â€Å"affect† with the verb â€Å"alter† and see if the sentence works: I don’t think this will alter the budget. Yes – it still makes sense, so â€Å"affect† is the word you want. Here’s another sentence: We haven’t yet experienced the full [affect/effect] of climate change. Can we use â€Å"affect† here? Try replacing it with â€Å"alter†: We haven’t yet experienced the full alter of climate change. No, that doesn’t make sense at all. How about â€Å"effect†? Try replacing that with the noun â€Å"end result†: We haven’t yet experienced the full end result of climate changes. It’s a slightly inelegant sentence – but it does work grammatically. So â€Å"effect† is the word you want here. This rule won’t work for every single situation, but in most cases, it’ll help you quickly select the word that you want. What About Affect as a Noun and Effect as a Verb? It’s fairly rare to come across â€Å"affect† used as a noun: as we saw above, when it is used in this way, it means â€Å"mental state†. You might encounter it in some older works or fairly scientific ones about psychiatry. It’s a little more common to come across â€Å"effect† used as a verb, though this is still fairly rare and it can seem a little old-fashioned in this context. It’s used to mean â€Å"brought about† or â€Å"accomplished† – e.g. â€Å"The rapid changes she made after she got the job effected a complete turnaround in the company’s financial position.† In any case where you’re uncertain, though, it’s likely that affect is a verb (replace it with â€Å"alter† to check) and effect is a noun (replace it with â€Å"end result† to check). Affect vs Effect Quiz For each sentence, select which word should be used: 1. The budget cuts will inevitably [affect/effect] our department. affect effect 2. The [affect/effect] of getting up early is that you can make a great start on the day before most people are out of bed. effect affect 3. Smoking will seriously [affect/effect] your health. affect effect 4. Many people find that regular exercise has a positive [affect/effect] on their mental health. effect affect Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Handy Expressions About Hands"Owing to" vs "Due to"50 Tips on How to Write Good

Wrong Medicine For Asia Essays - Stock Market Crashes, Free Essays

Wrong Medicine For Asia Essays - Stock Market Crashes, Free Essays Wrong Medicine For Asia The Wrong Medicine for Asia By JEFFREY D. SACHS CAMBRIDGE, Mass. In a matter of just a few months, the Asian economies went from being the darlings of the investment community to being virtual pariahs. There was a touch of the absurd in the unfolding drama, as international money managers harshly castigated the very same Asian governments they were praising just months before. The International Monetary Fund has just announced a second bailout package for the region, about $20 billion for Indonesia. That should, in principal, boost confidence. But if it is tied to orthodox financial conditions, including budget cuts and sharply higher interest rates, the package could do more harm than good, transforming a currency crisis into a rip-roaring economic downturn. In the Great Depression, panicked investors fled from weak banks in the United States and abroad. Since banks borrow short term in order to lend long term, they can be thrown into crisis when a large number of depositors suddenly line up to withdraw money. In the days before deposit insurance, individual depositors would all try to be first in line for withdrawals. In 1933, the Federal Reserve played it disastrously wrong. Rather than lending money to the banks to calm the panic and to show the depositors that they could indeed still get their money out, the Fed tightened credit, as financial orthodoxy prescribed. Confidence sank, and the banking system crumbled. The Asian crisis is akin to a bank run. Investors are lining up to be the first out of the region. Much of the panic is a self-feeding frenzy: even if the economies were fundamentally healthy at the start of the panic, nobody wants to be the last one out when currencies are weakening and banks are tottering because of the rapid drain of foreign loans. I t is somehow comforting, as in a good morality tale, to blame corruption and mismanagement in Asia for the crisis. Yes, these exist, and they weaken economic life. But the crisis itself is more pedestrian: no economy can easily weather a panicked withdrawal of confidence, especially if the money was flooding in just months before. The I.M.F. has arrived quickly on the scene, but the East Asian financial crisis is very different from the set of problems that the I.M.F. typically aims to solve. The I.M.F.'s usual target is a government living beyond its means, financing budget deficits by printing money at the central bank. The result is inflation, together with a weakening currency and a drain of foreign exchange reserves. In these circumstances, financial orthodoxy makes sense: cut the budget deficit and restrict central bank credits to the government. The result will be to cut inflation and end the weakening of the currency and loss of foreign exchange reserves. In Southeast Asia, this story simply doesn't apply. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have all been running budget surpluses, not deficits. Inflation has been low in all of the countries. Foreign exchange reserves, until this past year, were stable or rising, not falling. The problems emerged in the private sector. In all of the countries, international money market managers and investment banks went on a lending binge from 1993 to 1996. To a varying extent in all of the countries, the short-term borrowing from abroad was used, unwisely, to support long-term investments in real estate and other non-exporting sectors. This year, the bubble burst. Investors woke up to the weakening in Asia's export growth. A combination of rising wage costs, competition from China and lower demand for Asia's exports (especially electronics) caused exports to stagnate in 1996 and the first part of 1997. It became clear that if the Asians were going to compete, their currencies would need to fall against the dollar so their costs of production would be lower. It also became clear that with foreign lending diverted into real estate ventures, there was some risk that the borrowers, especially banks and finance companies, would be unable to service the debts if the exchange rates weakened. After all, rentals on real estate developments would be earned in local currency, while the debts would have to be repaid in dollars. The weaknesses in the Asian economies

The Health Communication Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Health Communication Campaign - Essay Example A health communication campaign is believed influential if it employs the psychology of persuasion through advertising, which is more elaborate and expensive.   This clashes with the more popular view that package warning labels incorporating all the necessary information and warning will serve the purpose, at less cost and effort.   Remember that the bottom line in every risk communication program is to change consumers’ attitudes and behavior, a complex task that calls for designing methods that would yield optimal results (Stewart & Martin, 1994).  Ã‚   The warning label strategy was primarily used in the anti-smoking campaigns in public places in some American states and in a nationwide alert against alcohol consumption during pregnancy.  Ã‚   Both communication programs failed to realize measurable results (Pechmann & Reibling, 2000; Hainkin, et al., 1998).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A cursory observation of consumer behavior shows that few if any read product labels for their risk content.   For most consumers, product labels, as in the case of food products, are generally a source of information for their nutritional elements.  Ã‚   It follows that a health warning squeezed into the product label is less likely to be noticed.   On the other hand, a health warning disseminated through the regular modes of advertising offers greater chances of breaking into the consciousness of consumers.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advertising today is planned with increasing attention on the psychology of marketing, factoring in such considerations as age, personality, message relevance, consumer trends, social and group pressures.  Ã‚   Advertisers also target specific markets for better positioning of the product or idea that is being promoted.  Ã‚   Without market segmentation, targeting and positioning, advertising is conceded as a haphazard affair, unlikely to achieve its object ives. This supports the contention that communicating consumer risks through advertising has better possibilities of success than doing it through package warning labels.  Ã‚